Spotted Lanternflies and Climate Change

Spotted Lanternflies and Climate Change: Will Warmer Temperatures Make Them More Prevalent?

Climate change is expected to have a significant impact on the distribution and prevalence of many invasive species, including the Spotted Lanternfly. Warmer temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns may create more favorable conditions for the Spotted Lanternfly to thrive, expand its range, and cause more damage to crops and forests.

Studies have shown that the Spotted Lanternfly has a lower cold tolerance than some other insect species, and can only survive in temperatures above -13°C (8.6°F). As temperatures warm, the range of the Spotted Lanternfly may expand, allowing it to spread into new areas and potentially causing more damage. A study in 2019 found that under current climate conditions, the Spotted Lanternfly is projected to continue expanding its range in the United States and could potentially reach as far north as Maine and as far west as Michigan by 2050. Other estimates show it may reach California by 2033.

In addition to the direct effects of temperature on the Spotted Lanternfly, climate change may also indirectly affect the species by altering the abundance and distribution of its host plants. For example, warmer temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns may alter the timing of plant growth and flowering, which could affect the availability of food for the Spotted Lanternfly. This could potentially lead to changes in the distribution and abundance of the Spotted Lanternfly as well as its impact on agricultural crops and forests.

It is also worth noting that climate change is not the only factor that influences the distribution and prevalence of invasive species like the Spotted Lanternfly. Human activities, such as the transport of goods and people, can also play a significant role in the spread of invasive species. 

Warmer Temperatures May Help Spread The Spotted Lanternfly

The effects of climate change on spotted lanternflies in the US are not yet fully understood, as there is limited research on this specific topic. However, some studies suggest that warmer temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns due to climate change may have an impact on the life cycle, distribution, and abundance of spotted lanternflies.

Precipitation Rates can affect Spotted Lanternfly Survival

Changes in precipitation patterns may also have an impact on spotted lanternflies. Heavy rainfall events may wash away egg masses and nymphs, reducing their survival rate. However, warmer and drier conditions may lead to higher survival rates of spotted lanternflies, as they are better adapted to warmer and drier climates.

Climate Change Change Can Affect Spotted Lanternfly Host Plants

Furthermore, climate change may indirectly impact spotted lanternflies by affecting their host plants. For example, changes in temperature and precipitation patterns may alter the timing and quality of plant growth and reproduction, which could in turn affect the availability and quality of food for spotted lanternflies.

In areas with warmer and wetter conditions, spotted lanternflies may have longer periods of time to reproduce and feed, potentially leading to larger populations and a greater likelihood of their survival and spread. Similarly, changes in the timing and intensity of seasonal weather patterns may disrupt the natural predators and parasites of spotted lanternflies, which could also contribute to their spread.

Global Trade and Travel Accelerates Spotted Lanternfly Spread

Additionally, the movement of spotted lanternflies and their eggs between regions and countries is facilitated by global trade and travel, which is likely to increase with climate change. As a result, there is a greater risk that spotted lanternflies could be introduced into new areas where they have not previously been found.

Climate Change Can Affect The Spotted Lanternflies Reproductive Cycle Timing

Another potential impact of climate change on spotted lanternflies is the alteration of their reproductive behavior. Spotted lanternflies typically lay their eggs in the fall, and the eggs overwinter before hatching in the spring. However, if warmer temperatures cause the timing of fall and spring to shift, this could lead to changes in the timing of the spotted lanternfly's reproductive cycle.

For example, if the onset of fall is delayed, spotted lanternflies may lay their eggs later in the season, which could affect the survival of the eggs and the resulting nymphs. Alternatively, if spring arrives earlier than usual, spotted lanternflies may emerge from their eggs earlier than expected, which could lead to a mismatch between their life cycle and the availability of suitable host plants.

Climate Change Can Affect Tree-Of-Heaven Distribution

Additionally, the distribution of spotted lanternflies could be affected by changes in the geographic range of their host plants. Some host plants of the spotted lanternfly, such as the tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima), are considered invasive species themselves and are known to thrive in disturbed areas such as urban environments. As climate change alters the distribution and abundance of plant species, the availability of suitable host plants for spotted lanternflies may also shift, which could affect their range and population size.

Spotted Lanternflies and Vineyards

The spotted lanternfly is an invasive species that has been wreaking havoc on vineyards and the wine industry in the United States. This insect is native to Asia, but was accidentally introduced to the United States in 2014. Since then, it has spread to many states and has caused significant damage to crops, trees, and plants. Are Spotted Lanternflies going to destroy your favorite winery?

The Impact of the Spotted Lanternfly on Grapes

The spotted lanternfly feeds on the sap of grapevines, which can cause significant damage to the vines and ultimately reduce crop yields. This insect can also spread plant diseases such as grapevine leafroll disease and Pierce's disease, which can be devastating to vineyards and the wine industry.

The impact of the spotted lanternfly on vineyards can be significant, with some estimates suggesting that it could cost the wine industry millions of dollars in lost revenue. In addition to reducing crop yields, the presence of the spotted lanternfly can also increase the cost of production, as vineyards may need to implement costly control measures to manage the spread of the insect.

Vineyard Strategies for Managing the Spread of the Spotted Lanternfly

There are several strategies that vineyards can use to manage the spread of the spotted lanternfly and reduce the damage caused by this invasive species.

1. Monitoring and Early Detection techniques can be an effective way for vineyards to help themselves with the Spotted Lanternfly (SLF) infestations. These techniques involve regularly checking the vineyard for the presence of SLF and detecting them as early as possible. Here are some ways vineyards can use Monitoring and Early Detection techniques:
   

   •  Visual Inspection: Vineyard workers can conduct visual inspections of grapevines and surrounding trees for signs of spotted lanternflies. These insects are easy to spot, with their distinctive black and white spotted wings, and bright red underwings.
     
     
   •  Sticky Bands: Vineyards can use sticky bands or traps to monitor for the presence of SLF. These sticky bands can be placed around tree trunks, posts, or other surfaces where SLF may be present. When SLF crawls over the band, they get stuck, allowing vineyard workers to detect their presence.
     
     
   •  Mapping: Vineyards can create maps of the location of SLF hotspots in their vineyard. This can help to track the movement of the insect and identify areas where the infestation is most severe.
     
     
   •  Collaboration: Vineyards can collaborate with local agriculture agencies or universities to receive up-to-date information about SLF infestations in their area. These agencies can provide guidance and support for implementing effective Monitoring and Early Detection techniques.

2. Biological Control: One biological control method used in vineyards is the introduction of natural predators, such as predatory insects, birds, or fungi, that feed on SLF. For example, some farmers use the praying mantis or the wheel bug, which are natural predators of SLF, to control SLF populations. Additionally, some farmers use entomopathogenic fungi, such as Beauveria bassiana, which infect and kill SLF.
   
   Another method used to prevent SLF infestations in vineyards is the use of pheromone traps. These traps contain a chemical that mimics the scent of the female SLF and attracts the males, leading them to get trapped. By reducing the number of male SLF in the area, the traps can help limit the number of SLF eggs that are laid, which can reduce the number of SLF in the following year. This approach can be more environmentally friendly than the use of chemical pesticides.

3. Cultural Control: Cultural control techniques involve changing the way vineyards are managed to make them less favorable to SLF.
   
   Here are some examples of cultural control techniques that vineyards can use to manage SLF infestations:
   

   • Pruning: Vineyards can prune grapevines to remove any SLF egg masses or nymphs that may be present on the vines. Pruning also helps to improve air circulation and sunlight penetration, which can help to reduce SLF populations.
     
     
   • Mowing: Vineyards can mow the grass and weeds around grapevines to reduce SLF habitat. SLF prefers to lay eggs and feed on the plants growing at the base of grapevines.
     
     
   • Removing Tree-of-Heaven: Tree-of-Heaven is the primary host plant of SLF, and it provides a favorable environment for SLF to lay eggs and feed. Vineyards can remove any Tree-of-Heaven trees growing in or around the vineyard to reduce the SLF population.
     
     
   • Harvesting Early: Vineyards can harvest grapes earlier than usual to minimize the damage caused by SLF feeding. Early harvesting reduces the amount of time SLF have to feed on the grapes and reduces the risk of grape quality issues.
     
     
   • Planting Cover Crops: Vineyards can plant cover crops that are less favorable to SLF. These crops can help to reduce SLF habitat and food sources. Examples of cover crops that are less favorable to SLF include:
     
     
     • Buckwheat: Buckwheat is a fast-growing cover crop that can suppress weeds and improve soil quality. SLF does not prefer to feed on buckwheat.
       
       
     • Sudan grass: Sudan grass is a tall, fast-growing grass that can suppress weeds and provide good ground cover. SLF prefers not to feed on this type of grass.
       
       
     • Clover: Clover is a legume that can fix nitrogen in the soil, improve soil health, and provide a habitat for beneficial insects. SLF does not prefer to feed on clover.
       
       
     • Annual Ryegrass: Annual Ryegrass is a fast-growing, high-nutrient cover crop that can suppress weeds and provide good ground cover. SLF does not prefer to feed on this type of grass.
     
     By planting cover crops that SLF does not prefer, vineyards can reduce the attractiveness of their fields to the insect and minimize the risk of infestation.
     

4. Chemical Control: Chemical controls are another option for managing Spotted Lanternfly (SLF) infestations in vineyards. While chemical controls should be used cautiously and as a last resort due to their potential environmental and health impacts, they can be effective in reducing SLF populations and minimizing crop damage.
   
   One chemical control used in vineyards is insecticide sprays. These sprays are applied directly to the grapevines and can kill SLF on contact. However, insecticide sprays can also harm beneficial insects and pollinators, and can potentially contaminate groundwater and other environmental resources if not used properly.
   
   Another chemical control option is systemic insecticides. These are absorbed by the grapevine and can kill SLF when they feed on the sap of the vine. Systemic insecticides can provide longer-term protection against SLF and may be less harmful to beneficial insects and pollinators. However, systemic insecticides can also have negative impacts on the environment and should be used with caution.
   
   When using chemical controls, it is important to follow label instructions carefully and use the appropriate protective gear. Additionally, farmers should consider integrated pest management (IPM) approaches that incorporate multiple strategies, including biological controls and cultural practices, to minimize the use of chemical controls.
   
   Overall, chemical controls can be effective in managing SLF infestations in vineyards, but should be used as a last resort and with caution to minimize their potential impacts on the environment and human health.

Spotted Lanternflies and Beer

Hops on a vine

What are Hops?

Hops are an essential ingredient in beer-making. They are added during the brewing process to impart bitterness, flavor, and aroma to the finished product. Hops contain essential oils and resins that provide the unique flavors and aromas associated with different styles of beer. They also act as a natural preservative, helping to prevent spoilage and extend the shelf life of the beer. The bitterness of the hops helps to balance the sweetness of the malted barley, creating a more complex and enjoyable flavor profile in the finished beer. In addition to their functional role in beer-making, hops are also valued for their cultural and historical significance, as well as their associations with different regions and styles of beer.

How to Spotted Lanternflies Affect Hops?

Spotted Lanternflies (SLF) can have a significant impact on beer production as they can damage the hop plants used in brewing.

SLF feed on the sap of hop plants, causing wilting, stunted growth, and reduced yields. They also excrete a sticky substance called honeydew, which can attract other pests and promote the growth of black sooty mold and other fungi that can further damage the plant. This can lead to a reduction in hop production, which can cause a shortage of hops and lead to higher prices for brewers.

Additionally, the quality of the hops can be affected by SLF damage, which can result in a lower-quality product with less flavor and aroma. This can have a negative impact on the taste of the beer and the overall reputation of the brewery.

Breweries and hop growers are taking steps to mitigate the impact of SLF on hop production, such as using insecticides and implementing integrated pest management strategies. However, SLF is a relatively new invasive species in the United States, and the full extent of its impact on hop production and the beer industry is still being studied.

There are concerns that SLF feeding can create wounds on the plant surface, which can provide entry points for pathogens to enter the plant. This can weaken the plant's immune system and make it more susceptible to disease.

In the case of hops, it is known that the hop stunt viroid and hop mosaic virus can cause significant damage to the crop. These pathogens are primarily spread through infected plant material, but it is possible that wounds caused by SLF feeding could also provide entry points for the pathogens.

While there may not be direct studies linking SLF to the transmission of these plant diseases, the potential impact of SLF feeding on plant health and susceptibility to disease is an area of active research.

Spotted Lanternflies (SLF) can accidentally be included in the hop harvest. They can hide within the hop cones or on the plant itself, making it difficult to detect them. If SLF-infested hops are processed and used in beer production, the insects can end up in the finished product. While there is no evidence that SLF poses a health risk to humans, their presence in beer could affect the taste and quality of the product.

To prevent SLF from being included in the hop harvest, growers should inspect the plants and cones carefully before harvesting. If any SLF are found, they should be removed and destroyed. It's also essential to properly clean and inspect harvesting equipment, including conveyor belts, hoppers, and screens, to prevent the insects from being unintentionally transported.

Brewers can also take steps to ensure that their hops are free of SLF. They can work with their hop suppliers to verify that their hops are grown in SLF-free areas and properly inspected and cleaned before shipment

The majority of hops in the United States are grown in the Pacific Northwest, particularly in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The Yakima Valley in Washington State is one of the most significant hop-growing regions in the world, accounting for over 75% of the US hop crop.  

As of now, Spotted Lanternflies are not found in these areas, however they may in upcoming years, spread to this area. Many breweries and other organizations have started growing their own hops in the Eastern United states, so it does still remain an issue. 

SLF can also affect grapes and thus vineyards as well.